EEG and Virtual Reality in Human-Centered Architectural Design: A Systematic Review
Introduction
Integrating human needs, emotions, and cognitive responses into architectural design has long been a core objective of design research. However, conventional architectural processes often fall short in capturing the full spectrum of human experience. Recent advances in affordable, mobile electroencephalography (EEG) devices, particularly when combined with virtual reality (VR), open new possibilities for evidence-based, human-centered architectural design. This study positions itself within this emerging intersection of neuroscience, immersive technology, and architecture.
EEG and VR as Emerging Tools in Architectural Research
EEG and VR technologies enable researchers to simulate architectural environments while simultaneously capturing real-time neural responses. This paragraph discusses how the integration of EEG and VR allows designers to study users’ physiological, psychological, and cognitive reactions to spatial environments in controlled yet immersive conditions, offering a promising methodological shift in architectural research.
Methodological Framework of the Systematic Review
To address the lack of consolidated knowledge in this domain, the study conducts a systematic review of empirical research employing EEG within VR-based architectural environments. Searches across Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect identified nineteen relevant studies. This section outlines the inclusion criteria, review protocol, and qualitative analytical approach used to synthesize findings from the selected literature.
Effects of Designed Environments on Brain Activity
The reviewed studies consistently demonstrate that architectural environments influence specific brain regions and neural patterns. This paragraph synthesizes findings showing how spatial characteristics can support or alter physiological states, psychological responses, and cognitive functions, reinforcing the role of architecture as an active agent shaping human experience.
Limitations and Gaps in Current EEG–VR Architectural Studies
Despite promising results, the review identifies several methodological and conceptual limitations. These include small and homogeneous sample sizes, limited demographic diversity, challenges in integrating multimodal datasets, and insufficient differentiation between familiar and novel environments. This section highlights how these constraints affect the reliability and generalizability of current findings.
Future Directions for Neuroscience-Informed Architectural Design
The final topic outlines directions for future research, emphasizing the need for long-term studies, group-based environmental investigations, and more robust frameworks for translating EEG data into design strategies. Advancing these areas is essential for establishing EEG–VR methodologies as reliable tools for human-centered architectural design and for expanding their practical application in professional practice.
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