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Coordinated EV Integration for Enhancing Energy Flexibility in Rural Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are designed to achieve annual balance between renewable energy generation and consumption. However, real-time mismatches persist due to photovoltaic (PV) intermittency and inflexible building loads. Electric vehicles (EVs), equipped with mobile storage capacity and bidirectional charging capabilities, offer significant flexibility potential to mitigate these temporal imbalances. This study investigates coordinated EV integration strategies within a rural solar-powered NZEB context. Integrated Energy System Configuration and Operational Scenarios An integrated energy system combining grid interaction, PV generation, stationary battery storage, EV charging infrastructure, and building loads was developed. Three operational strategies were designed: Case 1 (rule-based control), Case 2 (building-to-vehicle, B2V), and Case 3 (vehicle-to-building combined with building-to-vehicle, V2B + B2V). These scenarios enable comparative evaluation of unidirectiona...
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Data-Driven Diagnosis of Building Performance Aging and Its Impact on HVAC Energy Consumption

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Accurate forecasting of building energy consumption is essential for achieving carbon neutrality, enhancing operational efficiency, and maintaining long-term building performance. While significant attention has been given to short-term prediction models, the progressive effects of building performance aging particularly on HVAC energy consumption—remain insufficiently quantified. This study addresses this gap by developing a robust data-driven methodology to diagnose aging-related performance degradation using long-term operational datasets. Long-Term Dataset and Integrated Analytical Framework The research is based on ten years (2015–2024) of continuous operational data from a university educational building in Chongqing, China. The dataset integrates sub-metered HVAC energy records, detailed meteorological observations, and occupancy-related proxy variables. This comprehensive data fusion enables the isolation of performance aging effects from climatic and behavioral variability,...
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Parametric Evaluation of Seismic Strengthening Strategies for School Buildings in High-Risk Seismic Zones

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Ensuring the operational continuity of socially critical facilities such as schools following earthquakes is essential for community resilience and disaster recovery. In Türkiye, where seismic risk is high and portions of the public building stock lack adequate engineering design, assessing structural vulnerability and implementing effective retrofitting strategies are urgent priorities. This study investigates seismic strengthening approaches for representative school building typologies to enhance structural safety and post-earthquake functionality. Characterization of School Building Typologies and Seismic Parameters Three commonly used reinforced concrete school building types (8-, 14-, and 22-classroom configurations) were selected to represent vulnerable public building stock. Parametric analyses incorporated variations in peak ground acceleration (PGA), local soil conditions, and material strengths to reflect regional seismic diversity. These parameters allowed for realistic ...
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Advanced On-Site Diagnostics for Thermal Envelope Assessment in Existing Buildings

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Accurate knowledge of the thermal envelope and its physical characteristics is essential for reliable building energy performance assessment. In existing buildings, limited information regarding construction details and hidden defects often leads to significant discrepancies between simulated and actual energy performance. This performance gap undermines retrofit planning, increases operational costs, and hinders carbon reduction efforts, highlighting the urgent need for improved on-site diagnostic methods. Role of Envelope Uncertainty in the Performance Gap Insufficient data on airtightness, insulation continuity, and thermal bridging directly affects the accuracy of building energy models. These uncertainties make it difficult to evaluate retrofit options reliably and often result in conservative or inefficient interventions. Addressing envelope-related unknowns is therefore critical for cost-effective and performance-driven retrofit strategies. Acoustic Air Leakage Detection Met...
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Parametric Multi-Objective Optimization of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Façades

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) façades play a critical role in advancing net-zero and energy-positive building strategies by simultaneously serving as envelope elements and renewable energy generators. However, optimizing BIPV façades is challenging due to competing performance objectives, particularly photovoltaic energy generation and indoor daylighting quality. This study proposes a parametric optimization framework to systematically address these trade-offs during early-stage design. Challenges in Balancing Energy Generation and Daylighting Façade design decisions, such as window-to-wall ratio (WWR), directly influence solar exposure on opaque surfaces for photovoltaic efficiency while also affecting indoor daylight availability and visual comfort. Increasing PV-active areas often reduces daylight penetration, whereas excessive glazing can compromise energy generation potential. These conflicting requirements necessitate a multi-objective optimization approach. Paramet...
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Structural–Carbon Integrated Design for Sustainable Hybrid High-Rise Buildings

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Material selection is a critical determinant of sustainability in building design, requiring careful balance between structural performance and environmental impact. Conventional Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflows often separate structural analysis from embodied carbon assessment, limiting the ability to efficiently explore design alternatives. This study introduces the Structural-Carbon Integrated Design (SCID) framework as a unified approach to address this challenge. Limitations of Conventional BIM-Based Design Approaches Traditional BIM workflows typically evaluate structural stability and environmental performance in isolation, resulting in fragmented decision-making and increased computational effort. Such separation restricts rapid comparison of material strategies, particularly during early design stages when design flexibility and impact reduction potential are highest. Development of the SCID Framework The SCID framework integrates structural performance evalu...
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Performance Evaluation of Thermotropic Glazing in Mixed-Ventilated Residential Buildings

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Thermotropic (TT) glazing has demonstrated strong energy-saving potential in air-conditioned office buildings located in hot climates. However, its applicability and performance in mixed-ventilated residential buildings—particularly when assessed using the adaptive thermal comfort model—remain insufficiently explored. This study addresses this gap by evaluating TT glazing performance across multiple building performance indicators in residential contexts. Simulation Model Development and Validation A comprehensive building performance simulation model was developed and validated using experimental data to ensure reliability. The validated model enabled accurate assessment of TT glazing behavior under varying climatic and operational conditions, forming a robust foundation for comparative performance analysis against conventional double-clear glazing. Evaluation Framework for Mixed-Ventilated Buildings The study employed a multi-dimensional evaluation framework incorporating availa...
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