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Structural–Carbon Integrated Design for Sustainable Hybrid High-Rise Buildings

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Material selection is a critical determinant of sustainability in building design, requiring careful balance between structural performance and environmental impact. Conventional Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflows often separate structural analysis from embodied carbon assessment, limiting the ability to efficiently explore design alternatives. This study introduces the Structural-Carbon Integrated Design (SCID) framework as a unified approach to address this challenge. Limitations of Conventional BIM-Based Design Approaches Traditional BIM workflows typically evaluate structural stability and environmental performance in isolation, resulting in fragmented decision-making and increased computational effort. Such separation restricts rapid comparison of material strategies, particularly during early design stages when design flexibility and impact reduction potential are highest. Development of the SCID Framework The SCID framework integrates structural performance evalu...
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Performance Evaluation of Thermotropic Glazing in Mixed-Ventilated Residential Buildings

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Thermotropic (TT) glazing has demonstrated strong energy-saving potential in air-conditioned office buildings located in hot climates. However, its applicability and performance in mixed-ventilated residential buildings—particularly when assessed using the adaptive thermal comfort model—remain insufficiently explored. This study addresses this gap by evaluating TT glazing performance across multiple building performance indicators in residential contexts. Simulation Model Development and Validation A comprehensive building performance simulation model was developed and validated using experimental data to ensure reliability. The validated model enabled accurate assessment of TT glazing behavior under varying climatic and operational conditions, forming a robust foundation for comparative performance analysis against conventional double-clear glazing. Evaluation Framework for Mixed-Ventilated Buildings The study employed a multi-dimensional evaluation framework incorporating availa...
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Structural–Carbon Integrated Design for Low-Carbon High-Rise Buildings

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Material selection is a central challenge in sustainable building design, particularly for high-rise structures where structural safety and environmental performance often conflict. Conventional Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflows typically separate structural analysis from environmental assessment, making it difficult to evaluate trade-offs efficiently during early design stages. This study addresses this gap by introducing an integrated methodology that simultaneously evaluates structural stability and embodied carbon, enabling informed, performance-driven material decisions. Limitations of Conventional BIM-Based Design Approaches Traditional BIM workflows treat structural performance and environmental impact as parallel but disconnected processes. This separation restricts designers’ ability to iteratively explore material combinations and geometric variations, especially when assessing low-carbon alternatives. As a result, design teams may overlook optimal hybrid solut...
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Imputing Missing U-Values for Reliable Building Energy Modelling and Retrofit Planning

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Accurate thermal transmittance (U-value) information for building envelopes is fundamental to energy performance modelling, retrofit prioritization, and large-scale decarbonization strategies. However, incomplete datasets particularly missing U-values in existing building stock records—pose a major obstacle to evidence-based decision-making. This study addresses this challenge by systematically evaluating data imputation methods to enhance the reliability and usability of large building energy datasets. Challenges of Missing Envelope Performance Data In many national and municipal building databases, U-values are frequently absent due to inconsistent data collection, legacy construction records, or reporting gaps. Such missing values undermine the accuracy of energy simulations and retrofit impact assessments, leading to uncertainty in policy planning and investment decisions. Addressing these gaps requires imputation methods that balance accuracy, robustness, and computational effi...
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Urban-Aware Evaluation of Passive Building Envelopes under Microclimatic and Shading Effects

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Passive building envelope technologies such as passive radiative cooling (PRC) and thermochromic windows (TCW) are increasingly promoted as effective strategies for reducing building energy consumption under global warming pressures. Despite their promise, most existing studies assess these technologies at the scale of isolated buildings, neglecting the complex influences of urban microclimates. This research addresses this gap by emphasizing the necessity of urban-context-aware evaluation to ensure realistic performance assessment and reliable energy-saving predictions. Limitations of Conventional Simulation Approaches Traditional simulation frameworks often assume idealized boundary conditions, overlooking urban heat island (UHI) effects and contextual shading from surrounding buildings. Such simplifications can significantly overestimate the performance of passive envelope technologies. The study critically highlights how these omissions contribute to discrepancies between simula...
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Integrative In-Situ and Occupant-Centric Approaches for Evaluating Building Energy Performance

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Building energy performance during the operational phase is shaped by a complex interplay between physical structures, technical systems, and human behavior. As operational energy use represents a substantial share of global energy demand and carbon emissions, accurately evaluating real-world performance has become a priority—particularly under emerging performance-based regulatory frameworks. This review addresses the limitations of conventional measurement approaches by examining how envelope characteristics, indoor environmental conditions, energy flows, and occupant behaviors can be assessed in an integrated manner. Challenges in Capturing Operational Energy Performance Traditional building performance evaluation methods often isolate individual factors such as energy consumption or thermal comfort, failing to capture their interdependencies. This fragmented approach overlooks the synergistic effects between building envelopes, indoor conditions, on-site energy production, and o...
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Dynamic Modeling of Living Walls for Enhanced Building Energy Performance

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Integrating natural ecosystems into building envelopes has emerged as a promising strategy to improve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in urban contexts. Living Walls (LWs), as vertical green systems, offer both thermal regulation and ecological benefits. This study introduces a dynamic numerical model designed to accurately capture the complex thermal and moisture interactions between living walls and building façades, addressing current limitations in conventional Building Energy Simulation (BES) tools. Development of the Dynamic Living Wall Model The proposed Living Wall model was developed in the MATLAB® environment with a structure specifically designed to represent sensible and latent heat exchanges within the vegetation layer. Careful management of inputs and outputs enables seamless coupling with TRNSYS®, allowing the LW system to interact dynamically with the building fabric. This integrated approach facilitates whole-building energy simulations that accou...
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