Research Topics on 3DGS–LiDAR Integration in Architectural Heritage

The study explores the evolving role of 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) within digital documentation workflows dominated by LiDAR point clouds, specifically in the context of modern architectural heritage. Using the Bouw pub building in the Netherlands as a case study, the paper critically examines how these two technologies differ and where they can complement each other. Through comparative analysis of acquisition, visualization, segmentation, and dissemination, the research highlights the potential of 3DGS not as a replacement for LiDAR but as a powerful visualization and engagement tool within hybrid workflows.

Technological Comparison of 3DGS and LiDAR in Heritage Digitization

This topic focuses on evaluating the core technical characteristics of 3D Gaussian Splatting and LiDAR point clouds within architectural heritage documentation. While LiDAR captures structurally accurate, dense geometric data, 3DGS provides real-time, photorealistic rendering that enhances visual perception. The paper assesses how these differences influence documentation efficiency, data fidelity, and interpretive potential, offering insights into their complementary strengths for modern heritage applications.

Workflow Evaluation Across Acquisition, Visualization, and Segmentation

The research examines each step of the digital heritage pipeline—data acquisition, preservation, visualization, semantic segmentation, and dissemination—comparing performance across 3DGS and LiDAR. LiDAR excels in structural precision and reliable segmentation, making it suitable for expert documentation. In contrast, the responsiveness and visual expressiveness of 3DGS enhance user navigation, interpretation, and immersive storytelling. The study outlines how these qualities intersect within an integrated workflow.

Case Study Insights from the Bouw pub Modern Heritage Building

Using the Bouw pub building as a real-world case study, the paper demonstrates how both technologies behave when applied to a complex architectural heritage asset. The analysis reveals where 3DGS outperforms LiDAR in rendering surface appearance and contextual atmosphere, while LiDAR captures accurate geometry for preservation-grade documentation. These insights illustrate the practical conditions under which hybridization strengthens digital heritage outcomes.

Proposed Hybrid Integration Approaches for Digital Heritage Systems

The study introduces two strategies for combining the strengths of 3DGS and LiDAR: a Blender-based multi-angle rendering workflow and a Level of Detail 3DGS (LOD3DGS) pipeline. These integrations allow users to switch between visually rich representations and structurally accurate point cloud data. By bridging expressiveness with precision, the hybrid workflows enable more immersive, scalable, and semantically enhanced digital heritage systems.

Implications for Expert Documentation and Public Engagement

The findings underline that 3DGS functions most effectively as a complementary visualization and dissemination module within existing LiDAR-based pipelines. This hybrid framework supports expert users—such as architects, conservators, and researchers—by combining structural reliability with engaging visual narratives. At the same time, richer, more intuitive visual output enhances public outreach and heritage appreciation, encouraging broader participation in digital cultural preservation.

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